저자: Dr.TomLee · 외국인
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동테네시의 남북전쟁 역사를 개관한 강연으로, 증권·투자 관련 내용이 없어 대상 자산에 대한 가격 예측 발언은 없음. 1860년 대선은 민주당 분열(찰스턴·볼티모어 전당대회)로 네 명의 후보가 출마한 구도였고, 링컨은 북부 도시화에 힘입어 선거인단 다수를 확보했음. 존 벨(테네시 출신)은 헌법 수호를 내세운 중도 후보였음. 테네시는 1861년 2월 주민투표에서 탈퇴에 반대했으나, 4월 섬터 요새 포격 이후 입장이 급변해 6월 8일 투표에서 탈퇴가 가결됨. 동테네시는 대체로 연방 지지 성향이 강했고, 앤드류 존슨과 토머스 넬슨 등이 연방 유지를 호소함. 동테네시는 철로(동테네시-버지니아 철도)로 남부연합의 핵심 연결고리였고, 옥수수·돼지·철·납 등 자원이 풍부해 연방과 연합 모두에게 전략적 가치가 컸음. 1861년 11월 철교 방화 사건 이후 대규모 체포와 교수형이 이어짐. 1862년 징병법 이후 많은 연방 지지자들이 산으로 피신하거나 중립주 켄터키로 탈출했음. 1863년 치카마우가 전투 후 롱스트리트가 녹스빌을 포위했으나 실패했고, 1864년에는 두 군대가 철도를 따라 공방을 반복하며 민간인이 식량난과 폭력에 시달렸음. 강연자는 이 지역의 내전이 이웃 간 폭력을 낳았음을 강조하며 마무리함. 강연 전반에 걸쳐 주식, 채권, 환율, 암호화폐 등 금융시장 관련 언급은 없음.
다듬은 글
Nobody want to see me. Best if you just hear me. Can everyone hear me? All right. Well, I can't do much about that, I guess. Thank you all for coming out. It's a nice crowd. Uh, it's much bigger than my classes this semester at ETSU. I teach history. I'm in the history department. And my name is Tom Lee.
Um, I'm a southern historian by trade, but I teach Appalachia and a number of other subjects as required. I find that's the best way to keep employment. So, I'll sweep if they need me to. I've been asked to speak on East Tennessee's Civil War. And I thought about it, you know, 1861 to 1865 is a good bit of time.
They only gave me 30 minutes. So if you have questions, please understand that what I'm doing is providing essentially an overview a little more, but I'll be happy to stick around if anyone has questions when this is over. So the the theme, sorry, is a house divided. And in many ways, that's what the Civil War was about.
I want to start with the election of 1860 just to sort of set a little bit of background. One of the key features of the election of 1860 was that the Democratic Party split after meeting in convention in Charleston, South Carolina. southern segments of the delegates after being unable to arrive at an agreed upon candidate for the 1860 election determined to split.
And so you had a northern faction and a southern faction. uh second convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland and that northern faction selected their candidate and a southern faction selected their candidate. So for 1860 essentially what's happening is that politics is breaking down. The Wig Party had already divided in the mid to early 1850s, and now the Democratic Party is doing the same.
For the National Democrats, the candidate would be Steven Douglas, a well-known politician from Illinois who had debated Lincoln, if you recall that story, known as the Little Giant, a very powerful man. For the Southern Democrats, John C. Breen Ridge from Kentucky and for a party that really had its origins in the 1850s, Abraham Lincoln for the Republican party.
The fourth candidate came from Tennessee. He had been speaker of the House of Representatives and in 1835 he had made a speech in Nashville specifically against the problems that come with allegiance to party over interests of the community. His name was John Bell. He'd been a wig and he was very moderate.
Bell proposed we ought to follow the Constitution. That was effectively the platform of the Constitution Union Party. The Democrats differed a bit. Breenidge was stronger, especially on the defense of slavery and southern rights. Steven Douglas was a little more malleable in his position. It's one of the reasons for the division.
But Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans had made fairly clear for two cycles for the presidential elections that their primary interest was in staunching the spread of slavery westward in the future. We won't get into the 1850s and all that happened. But if you take a notice of this slide, you'll see that cartoonists here are showing the nation being torn apart.
Partly that's because of the regional nature of these divisions. If you take a quick look at this map, and I'm going to have to move fairly quickly, but if you take a quick look at this map, you'll notice that the green represents those areas where Lincoln was successful, where he won votes and electoral college votes at that.
John Bell is represented in the pink or the sort of reddish hue. The only state that Steven Douglas takes, though he was a national candidate, is Missouri. Douglas could appeal, he just couldn't get enough votes nationwide in the various states. And then you have the Deep South, which is highlighted in brown.
They went for Breen Ridge. It makes sense. But the reality is that whoever won in 1860 now is going to be a regional candidate. That is to say, they will represent the interest largely of a region. Or at least that's how things are perceived. Lincoln, as you may know, wasn't even on the ballot in most southern states.
Part of the reason Lincoln is able to win is because of changes that had occurred in the United States in the years prior to 1860, especially the urbanization that had occurred in the north. because ultimately the electoral college votes are based on representation and that's based on population. So Lincoln was able to secure enough votes in the electoral college for a majority though he didn't win a huge outlandish number in the popular vote.
the elections in November of 1860. By December of 1860, South Carolina has already called for convention to consider secession. South Carolina and what they decide will be followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas by February the 1st. These are all, you'll notice, more or less southern states.
the deeper south, the green on this map, the south, the states of the upper south will be slower to move and that includes Tennessee. And so I want to talk a bit about Tennessee's story. The man pictured here is Aisham Harris. He's the governor of Tennessee. He's from West Tennessee. And Harris sees the future of Tennessee with the South.
He calls as governor for a special session of the legislature and a convention to consider secession. And in order to hold this convention, he's going to have a referendum and allow the people of Tennessee to vote on the matter. In February of 1861, the people of Tennessee vote against secession. majority of Tennessans.
Not only that, but it's worth mentioning that when they vote for delegates to this convention, they vote for Union delegates in a ratio of 4 to1. Wow. Tennessans in February 1861 aren't necessarily ready to leave the Union just yet. when it came to these referenda and there would be two the folks you heard mentioned here in the earlier play Andrew Johnson and this is Thomas AR Nelson Nelson is from Jonesboro he's a noted jurist a lawyer who travels the circuit of East Tennessee and is very well known Johnson from Greenville you know the story most likely a very well-known and very polish politician in East Tennessee who's been governor of the state and is headed for the United States Senate in 1860 where he'll be the only senator from the South to serve.
April of 1861, Fort Sumpter is fired upon in Charleston Harbor. And what's most fascinating in some ways is from April to June of 1861, how rapidly sentiment shifts across Tennessee. What had been a question some people have suggested for the state becomes a question for the individual. What shall I do?
Where do my allegiances lie? And so there's a second referenda to be held. But already already in May, the legislature is moving Tennessee toward the Confederacy and toward independence. When the referendum is held on June the 8th of 1861, the vote is for secession. Now, part of the reason I hate not having time is because history is actually kind of complicated.
And when you just cover the surface, you miss a lot. So, I'm going to skip a few things here, but I want you to take a gander at these two maps. The map on top is the February vote. And you'll notice the blue represents votes against secession by county. Most of East Tennessee voted against secession.
Portions of middle Tennessee around Nashville voted against secession. And even counties in sort of west Tennessee along the Tennessee River had unionist tendencies. If we move to 1860, sorry, to June of ' 61, that second or lower map is what's represented. And you'll notice that some of the southeastern counties of East Tennessee have now chosen secession.
You'll notice that virtually all of middle Tennessee is now secession. And that's where the crucial shift has occurred most. If we go to this map, the area that is in the darkest green represents the areas where the least number of people voted secession. If you look at Washington County, which is here, notice that it includes Unicoy County at this point.
Washington County is about 50%. It's about a 50/50 split. It's very even. And what you tend to find is that most of the counties in the valley, not all, but many, tended to have considerable sympathy for the Confederacy. And most of your unionist sentiment where it is strongest often came from as this map suggests here we have the Cumberland Plateau right here.
And then we have Green, Carter, Johnson, Sevir, Blunt Counties. These are mountain counties. Mountains counties. How strong is the unionism in East Tennessee? strong enough that not only are Johnson and Nelson going around talking despite the potential for violence and trying to sort of convince people to hold on to the Union.
But in May of 1861, delegates are called to a Union convention in Knoxville, Tennessee. And then after the June referendum, they're called to Greenville, Tennessee. But there are fewer delegates for the June convention. In a sense, the referendum has settled matters for a lot of people. And yet at that Greenville convention, Thomas Ar Nelson in particular will write up a request to the legislature to allow East Tennessee, especially northeastern Tennessee, to separate from the rest of the state to become essentially a neutral almost Switzerlandike enclave in the mountains.
Now, how do we explain this unionism? I kind of hinted it has a bit to do perhaps with the structure of society and the ways Tennessee is laid out, but a historian way back in the 1990s wrote a book about Washington County. And he looked at a lot of documents that are now in the archives here. And what he discovered is a pattern that preceded the war where people who lived in the valleys who often had land, who often had slaves, who often had commercial interest, maybe professional interest and other investments.
They favored the railroad. They were willing to invest. Whereas people who had perhaps come a little later, who had moved up into the mountains, which are now part of Uniccoy County, did not have the same interest in a transportation link that would take goods to markets far away. They didn't produce the type of crops.
They didn't produce the type of surplus that would nec necessitate or that they felt would benefit them. And so they didn't invest. So there are already potential sort of cracks developing, a separation of sorts when it comes to the Confederacy when it comes to this question of secession. And you ask, well, why?
If you look carefully on this map, especially on the right hand side, and you follow that line right there, you'll notice that we have a large network already developed in the north. We have a network developing in the south. These are railroads, but there is only one line that runs directly from the deep south.
That's all those states that seceded. And then after May of 1861 to Virginia and the capital in Richmond, this is actually a series of railroads, not just one, but a series of railroads. And one of those railroads runs from Knoxville, Tennessee to Bristol. It's known as the East Tennessee in Virginia and it is the railroad that runs directly behind us here through Jonesboro.
This link is the most direct link between the Confederate heartland in the west and the Confederate capital in the east. And all of a sudden, East Tennessee is a strategic place. But that railroad now leads to two Confederate states. Notice it does not lead to neutral Kentucky. or union held Kentucky, it leads to Virginia and Georgia.
And so if you're going to participate in the market, if you're going to sell your goods broadly and you're in the middle of the Confederacy, well, your choice may be pretty clear to you. Whereas, if I have no such goods, maybe I'm not as interested. Now, that's one possible explanation. There also would be ideology and there are many reasons why people made the choices they did.
History is complicated. There's family, there's kin, there's neighbors, there's networks, there's experience, but I want to emphasize that this area is not a backwater. In a way, it is because there aren't any major setpiece battles fought here like you see at Antidum or Gettysburg or Vixsburg. But I want to suggest that this area is particularly important because of that railroad and because it is a resourcerich area for a confederacy in great need of resources.
What did we grow here? We grew corn and we grew hogs. We grew livestock that could pull quesons and ride cavalry. Right? We're growing what the South needs. And not only that, we've got iron and we've got lead. We've got the potential for manufacturing and we've had it for decades. So just like the Shannidora Valley of Virginia, East Tennessee represents a huge resource for the South.
Now having said that, remember those Unionist conventions. They send their appeals to the legislature for separation and the legislature pretty much ignores them because they're not going to give up East Tennessee. The commander of the Confederate forces overseeing East Tennessee has to deal though with these upset Unionists and he tries to mllify the Unionists and say look the decisions made be quiet and you know stay to your homes and go about your business and if possible accept the Confederacy join us.
In November of 1861, bridges were burned all along the East Tennessee and Georgia and East Tennessee and Virginia railroads. It's a little more complicated I'm going to get into this evening. But if you're familiar with the Green County bridge burning and Lick Creek, you know that what followed was mass arrests, manhunts for the people who committed these insurgent acts, and many of the Lick Creek bridge burners were arrested and hanged.
You can still go down to what is Pottertown Road and see where those people, many of whom were potters by trade, are buried, where the bridge was burned. This is an effort by Zolicer to get people to go along as unionists. Here are where the bridges were actually burned. This were a class I was teaching.
We have a lot more time. we take a look. But just understand here's Lit Creek up in V in Green County. And this is a sign that Zolikoffer is not going to be so patient. The burning of the bridges opens the door, like I said, to arrests. These are the bodies of bridge burners that are left beside the railroad as a symbol to anyone who thinks about committing acts of insurgency.
Here's an image of prison in Knoxville where unionists are held who were arrested including William Ganoway Brownlow, the parson, the editor of the wig who's pictured here. Some of these men would go to prison. Brownlow would go north, exiled from the south. For most Unionists initially, you know, they're they're sort of under Confederate authority and so they're kind of quiet.
But it is interesting that in 1862, Confederate authorities in Richmond pass a conscription act. And what that means is that if you're of a certain age, you're expected to serve in the military. If I'm a unionist, as long as I can lay low and mind my business, that's one thing. But now I have to actively support the Confederacy.
And it's really at this point that a lot of Unionists take to the hills. They hide out to avoid conscription. Others will try to make their way to Kentucky, which is a neutral state, to try and enlist or to escape arrest. The gentleman pictured here is Daniel Ellis, who's the well-known guide to move people out of East Tennessee into Kentucky.
Now, those big battles very quickly, and this is going to have to be quite quick as I run out of time. From Nashville, where Union and Confederate forces faced one another early in 1863, Confederate forces are driven back into Georgia. They will face off the Army of the Tennessee, against the Army of the Cumberland, that's the Union Force, at a place called Chikamaga in North Georgia.
the Confederates will successfully. It's a it's a it is really quite a route. Union forces are routed and driven back to Chattanooga. But it's a notable thing that along with these Confederate forces is this fell here, James Longreet, best known for his activity with Robert E. Lee in the Army of Northern Virginia.
Long Street following Gettysburg, which is the summer of 63, had been detached to help Bragg defend against the Army of the Cumberland. And now with Long Street's assistance, Bragg had pushed General Rose Cran and the Army of the Cumberland back to Chattanooga. But the story doesn't end there. There were issues with authority.
Bragg had some issues with his subordinates. Long Street is detached and he has sent north to Knoxville, Tennessee to deal with an invasion of East Tennessee that has come out of Kentucky. An army led by Ambrose Burnside of Tideburn fame. But Long Street will besiege Knoxville. This is late in 1863.
Here's his route. He besieges Knoxville. One of the individuals who first caught Burnside's efforts to push into northeast Tennessee was indeed Washington County's General Alfred Jackson. And he managed the battle down here at Telford to push Union forces back toward Knoxville as they started moving north and east.
But in Knoxville, Union refugees flocked to Burnside. Here are the defenses. This is the storming of Fort Sanders. If you've ever attended the University of Tennessee or been down in that area, Fort Sanders neighborhood just north of campus is named after this fortification. In the end, Long Street's efforts failed and he took up position in Morristown, just outside Morristown, Tennessee for the winter.
The next spring, Long Street leaves. He heads back to Virginia for the Battle of the Wilderness to help lead. But here's the situation now. Union forces have driven the Confederates away from Chattanooga and they're on their way to Atlanta ultimately and to Savannah. In 1863, Burnside has an army in Knoxville.
And if you look on this map, this is the rail line from Knoxville down to Greenville and up to Bristol. Between Knoxville, where you have Union forces, and Southwest Virginia, where you have Confederate forces, in 1864, you have a no man's land. A land where both armies will fight back and forth in seessaw actions, back and forth following the railroad.
In places like Dandridge, in places like Bean Station, in places like well pretty much anywhere you can think of, there was some scattered fire. Now, what that means for the people of East Tennessee is that you have two military forces basically living off the food that's here. And that leaves scarce amounts for the people who live here.
Food becomes difficult. Conditions become difficult. And there's the potential for violence at any moment. And that violence is compounded by the presence of peripheral troops sometimes who will have commands within the armies confederate or union but often follow their own dictates when it comes to the treatment of the opposition.
In the upper Cumberland, you have Champ Ferguson who was known for executing unionists. And then you have Tinker Dave Batty who struggled against Ferguson in the upper Cumberland. But here in this part of East Tennessee, you have people like George Kirk who's from Washington County and Green County who will become a scourge in Confederate North Carolina.
in one incident. So it said troops under his command came to the home of a woman with four children and when they left three were dead. One was away from home. On the other hand, you had Confederates like Vincent Clawhammer Witcher who pursued the similar efforts on the Kentucky Virginia border, but also made his way as far south as East Tennessee.
This is an image, a beautiful sort of image. You can't see it, but it's the Bell Cemetery over in Limestone Cove. Here is where Witcher caught nine unionists who were getting ready to start their trek to Kentucky and killed all nine. He had a tendency, so the people said, of tying a noose around his captives necks and tying them to saplings.
When the sapling was let go, you can imagine the force on the rope. There are other forces at work in East Tennessee that included General John Hunt Morgan, who as you probably know was sort of caught off guard a bit, taken unawares, and shot in Greenville, Tennessee by members of the 13th Tennessee Cavalry Union forces from Johnson and Carter County.
And when it's all said and done, by the end of 1864 and the beginning of 1865, Union raids have now pushed north through East Tennessee. And General George Stoneman will lead raids into Southwest Virginia to destroy the salt works at Sultan, which were significant to the Confederacy. And then he'll lead a raid into western North Carolina, tearing up railroads as he goes, burning bridges, destroying crops, whatever he can do to undermine the Confederate war effort.
The point I'd leave you with is simply this. What we had in East Tennessee was very much not the major battles like Chikamaga or Shiloh, but it was a civil war within a civil war that most often pitted neighbor against neighbor. And that kind of violence is not easily forgotten and it wouldn't be here. Thank you.
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